Gender Roles in The Cosby Show Essay -- Gender Television Media The Co

sexuality Roles in The Cosby Show On September 20, 1984 a aim aired that changed the way we view sexual activity roles on television. Television still perpetuates traditional gender stereotypes and in reflecting them TV reinforces them by presenting them as the norm (Chandler, 1). The Cosby Show, challenged the veritable(prenominal) gender stereotyping of television, daring to go against the dominant social values of its time period. In its challenge of the dominant social view, the show redefined the portrayal of priapic and female roles in television. It redefined the gender role in the work place, in social expectations, and in household responsibilities. The Cosby Show supported Freidan in her view of castigating the impostor happy housewife heroine of the womens magazines (Douglas 136).The Cosby Show is a wonderful sitcom about Dr. Heathcliff Huxtable, commonly known as Cliff, and his family. The show revolved around the daily situations faced by Cliff and Clair Huxtable and their five children. The show goes away from the one-liners that most sitcoms boasted and focused on the humor of real life situations that often occur in an average middle class family. Dr. Heathcliff Huxtable was a successful OB/GYN (obstetrician/gynecologist), who was equally as involved in domestic tasks as his wife Clair. Cliff had a great part in raising his five children and dealing with their emotional and physical problems. Cliffs wife Clair Huxtable was a successful partner in a large law firm, who balanced her busy career with her family. She filled the role as the head of the household and always made sure to detention not only her kids but also her husband Cliff in line. The eldest daughter, Sondra Huxtable was a very serious, intelligent, and hard working young woman who had a plan for her life. Her hard studies in high school and goal-oriented mind landed her at the prestigious Princeton University. The second oldest daughter Denise Huxtable had the gift of a go od smack of humor. She liked to test her parents with her rather eccentric dress and viewpoints on life. The only son Theo Huxtable was an extroverted and witty young man. He played out the typical teenage boy role of putting friends, cars, and girls before school. Vanessa Huxtable, the second youngest daughter was an intelligent girl, who often came off very air-headed in the show. Her focus during the show was to give off a b... ... for your life. If a woman wants to be a housewife who focuses on raising her children or a career woman, it is her choice ultimately. If a man wants to be equally involved in his career and family, it should be his choice too. It should not matter what the gender stereotype is and this show helps women and men suppose that the individual feeling is often more important than the typical societal belief.I think the show does this to make a statement to the society that gender stereotypes are often wrong and only based on tradition. The Cosby Show went against the norm to show that the opposite side of the societal gender roles were also utterly acceptable practices. The Cosby Show might have made a leap into uncharted territory with sitcoms of its time period, but in doing so it gave us a glimpse of the gender roles of today.Work CitedBordo, Susan Gender Matters Gentleman or Beast? The Double Blind of Masculinity Keller 163-174.Chandler, Daniel. Television and Gender Roles. 4 Jan. 2004. 31 Jan. 2005 .Douglas, Susan Gender Matters Genies and Witches. Keller 135-148.Keller, Michael, ed. Reading Popular Culture An Anthology for Writers. Iowa Dubuque, 2002.

Impact Of Prematurity On Development Essay -- essays research papers

Impact of untimely Birth on DevelopmentYears ago, premature birth almost always meant death for the baby. Today, however, we have the engine room to nurture these infants development, and many of them survive to lead normal, healthy lives. Although, very premature infants (that is, those born before about the fifth month) are still not in all likelihood to survive, many born at five months and older allow thrive. Some preterm babies, however, do have many obstacles to overcome. There are a variety of medical exam problems that affect some of them, they may have impaired mental or physical conditions, and they may be looked upon by others in their environment as slow, or they might be treated differently because they were premature. All of these factors, plus a few more(prenominal) that will be discussed, affect the development of preterm infants into their adolescent years, and sometimes beyond. Many preterm babies are born with medical problems because they simply were not re ady to come into the world yet. They will not have very developed blunt reflexes, and they may look a little strange, with translucent skin, misshapen ears, and fine hair covering their entire bodies. One of the biggest problems for premature infants is a condition called respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), in which the lungs do not produce enough surfactant, which is the substance that keeps the airsacs in the lungs from collapsing. If not treated in time, the infants hit will become oxygen deprived, which would lead to death. It can cause some brain damage. Another condition that often affects premature babies is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA). This happens when the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, doesnt close, leading to the infants blood not being properly oxgenated. This can also lead to brain damage if not caught in time. Premature infants also may just stop breathing, which is called apnea. This is why they must be closely monitored, fo r without close supervision, they could die. Another medical condition common to premature infants which affects the brain is Intraventricular Hermorrage, where the blood vessels in the brain bleed. This affects most premature babies, but it is not very severe in most cases, and is easily treated. In more severe cases, it can be associat... ...nd fry had a better relationship, the child showed fewer behavioral disturbances than when the mother/child relationship was bad (Journal of clinical child Psychology, v.23 p 328-9). Typically, the more ostracize the environment, the less well-adjusted the premature child was. Another factor in their emotional development is the income of the family. In higher SES environments, the children were typically more well-adjusted. Birth weight is also a factor in this. The smaller the birth weight, the less emotionally adjusted and more behaviorally disturbed the child will be. Levy-Shift and Gili Einat concluded that the reason why premature ba bies have these problems is that they are generally less intelligent than full terms. They had more trouble learning, which could lead to negative emotional reactions. They say that premature children sometimes have impaired neurological processes that underlie cognitive dysfunction which is detrimental to behavioral and emotional functioning (Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, v.23 p 329). Premature children are less responsive, less alert, and less active when they are babies, which can lead to a bad start to the mother-child relationship.

Analysis of The Complete English Tradesman :: Complete English Tradesman Essays

Analysis of The Complete incline Tradesman                                                            Daniel Defoes The Complete English Tradesman, is a good example of his non-fiction writing. The content in the writing is thorough and well surrendered by Defoe. In the writing, Defoe explains what his opinions on what it means to be an English tradesman. Contrary to some experienced tradesmen, he believes that to be a good tradesman, one needs to acquaint himself with all business in general. According to Defoe, application is of more importance than diligence in business. Without application vigor in this world goes forward as it should.. Tradesmen of Defoes day said that there needs to be an aggressive passion in how one handles business, and anger and placate sometimes are necessary. Defoe also challenges this. He believes a complete tradesman should not show the least return, signal of disgust, no passions or fire in his temper. A complete tradesman should be soft and smooth, showing little emotion. Basically, Defoe explains how to be by his definition a complete tradesman. When a tradesman has indeed conquered all his passion, and can stand before the storm of impertinence, he is said to be fitted up for the main article, namely, the inside of the counter. The content of the writing is really comprehensive, top many aspects of being a tradesman. The content that has already been praised, is presented very well. Defoe organizes the information into letters to all tradesman of England. The writing is a collection of letters to English tradesman, each addressing a different issue. Defoe makes it clear that the information is based on opinion, so there are no false leads. For example, It its the judgment of some experienc ed tradesman that no man ought to go form one business to another... I, myself will not enter that dispute here. I know some very encouraging... Defoe also provides examples by making a story using a script format. Lady. No I cant hed use me. Cit. How does your ladship know? Lady. Why, I know.... Defoe uses different techniques and ideas to present the content well in this piece. In Daniel Defoes The Complete Tradesman, the description usage is adequate, but in a few cases it is a little similarly much. There is enough description to explain the whole situation, but it is not overdone to tire the reader.

Heroic epic :: essays research papers

A heroic epic is an extended narrative poem, celebrating the feats of a fabled or traditional hero. Beowulf exemplifies the traits admired by his people, and personifies Anglo-Saxon values. Strength, Skill in battle, Courage, Fame, loyalty, and Generosity are the Anglo-Saxon values that Beowulf embodies and demonstrates end-to-end the story.As the poem begins, ability Hrothgar of Denmark and his entire kingdom is being terrorized by a monster named Grendel. The Danes suffer for twelve years at the hands of Grendel. Eventually, Beowulf and a fourteen men buzz off to rescue Hrothgar, determined to defeat Grendel. Beowulf fights him unarmed, proving that he is stronger than the demon. Beowulf tears the monsters arm off and Grendel eventually dies. The arm is brought back as a swag of victory. Grendels mother seeking revenge comes to Heorot and kills one of Hrothgars favorite men, Aeschere. Beowulf and company travel to the swamp, where she lives, Beowulf dives in the water and figh ts her in her underwater lair demonstrating his science in battle.Beowulfs courage, strength, and skill in battle was greatly appreciated by the Danes who now were able to live peacefully and monster-less. His fame has now spread throughout Denmark. After departing, Beowulf returns to Geatland and is reunited with his King and Queen. Beowulf tells of his actions in Denmark thereby earning even more fame and gives most of the treasure he received to his king Hygelac to whom he is truly loyal. During Beowulfs find as King of the Geats, and as death is approaching a dragon unleashes fury on Geatland. Once again Beowulf demonstrates his courage. Beowulf and his nephew Wiglaf kill the dragon together, but Beowulf no longer as young or strong, is severely wounded. The dragon has bit him and its venom kills Beowulf moments later. Beowulf demonstrating his generosity gives dragons treasure to his people.

Analysis of Tess of the DUrbervilles by Thomas Hardy Essay -- Thomas

Analysis of Tess of the DUrbervilles by doubting Thomas HardyThe depth of artistic unity found in Thomas Hardys Tess of theDUrbervilles pervades every chapter of the novel. No one chapter is slight important than another because each is essential in order to tellthe tragic tale of Tess Durbeyfield. There is never an instance inHardys prose that suggests frill or excess. Themes of the IndustrialRevolution in England, the status of women during Victorian England,Christianity vs. Paganism, matters of nobility, and the role thatfatalism plays in life weave together with various symbols to createan amazing flow to his novel.At the beginning of chapter thirty-one, Joan Durbeyfield has just senta letter with her advice to Tess. She tells Tess to keep her past fromAngel a secret. Tess mother is a practical woman who knows that Angel testament be like most men and will reject Tess once he discovers thetruth. It is important that Joan makes an appearance in this chapterbecause Tess parents inf luence on their daughter is full to theplot of the novel from the beginning. In fact, a line can be tracedfrom Tess to her parents to the effect of the Industrial Revolution onthe peasantry of England.At the beginning of the novel, Tess offers to go Casterbridge to monger the beehives that her aim was supposed to deliver. JohnDurbeyfield is unable to make this delivery because he has yet againinebriated after having made a visit to Rollivers Inn. Tess fatheris just one example of the many victims of the Industrial Revolution.He and Joan are representatives of the disaffected and drunkenvillagers whose houses will soon fall to larger farms mass-producingcrops for mass consumption.1The villagers... ...By Thomas Hardy.N.p. Unversity of Michigan, n.d. 417-427.Shaw, Bernard. Man and Superman. Cambridge, Mass. The UniversityPress, 1903 Bartleby.com, 1999. www.bartleby.com/157/.Tess of the DUrbervilles. 37th ed. New York Penguin Group, 1980.Tess of the Durbervilles/ HARDY. Masterplots. N.p. n.p., n.d.Thomas Hardy. Critical Survey of Long Fiction. N.p. n.p., n.d.---------------------------------------------------------------------1 Bishnupriya Ghosh, Critical Evaluation Tess of the DUrbervilles/HARDY, Masterplots2 Charles E. whitethorn, Thomas Hardy, Critical Survey of Long Fiction3 May 15094 George Bernard Shaw, Man and Superman, August 1999, November 10, 2003, http//www.bartleby.com/157/100.html5 Donald Hall, Afterword on Tess of the Durbervilles, Tess of the Durbervilles, Peguin 1980 ed.

Analysis of Tess of the DUrbervilles by Thomas Hardy Essay -- Thomas

Analysis of Tess of the DUrbervilles by doubting Thomas HardyThe depth of artistic unity found in Thomas Hardys Tess of theDUrbervilles pervades every chapter of the novel. No one chapter isless important than another because each is essential in order to tellthe tragic tale of Tess Durbeyfield. at that place is never an instance inHardys prose that suggests frill or excess. Themes of the Industrial gyration in England, the status of women during Victorian England,Christianity vs. Paganism, matters of nobility, and the role thatfatalism plays in life weave together with various symbols to createan amazing flow to his novel.At the beginning of chapter thirty-one, Joan Durbeyfield has just senta letter with her advice to Tess. She tells Tess to keep her past fromAngel a secret. Tess fetch is a practical woman who knows that Angel allow for be like most men and will reject Tess once he discovers thetruth. It is important that Joan makes an demeanor in this chapterbecause Tess parent s influence on their daughter is integral to theplot of the novel from the beginning. In fact, a line can be tracedfrom Tess to her parents to the effect of the Industrial Revolution onthe peasantry of England.At the beginning of the novel, Tess offers to go Casterbridge todeliver the beehives that her father was supposed to deliver. JohnDurbeyfield is unable to make this delivery because he has yet againinebriated after having made a visit to Rollivers Inn. Tess fatheris just one example of the many victims of the Industrial Revolution.He and Joan are representatives of the disaffected and drunkenvillagers whose houses will soon fall to larger farms mass-producingcrops for mass consumption.1The villagers... ...By Thomas Hardy.N.p. Unversity of Michigan, n.d. 417-427.Shaw, Bernard. Man and Superman. Cambridge, Mass. The UniversityPress, 1903 Bartleby.com, 1999. www.bartleby.com/157/.Tess of the DUrbervilles. 37th ed. New York Penguin Group, 1980.Tess of the Durbervilles/ HARDY. Ma sterplots. N.p. n.p., n.d.Thomas Hardy. Critical Survey of Long Fiction. N.p. n.p., n.d.---------------------------------------------------------------------1 Bishnupriya Ghosh, Critical Evaluation Tess of the DUrbervilles/HARDY, Masterplots2 Charles E. May, Thomas Hardy, Critical Survey of Long Fiction3 May 15094 George Bernard Shaw, Man and Superman, August 1999, November 10, 2003, http//www.bartleby.com/157/100.html5 Donald Hall, Afterword on Tess of the Durbervilles, Tess of the Durbervilles, Peguin 1980 ed.

Huckleberry Finn: hero or villain?

Originally developed in Spain, one of the various styles of writing utilise by authors is that of the dishonorable novel, which involves a picaro, or knave hero, usually on a journey, and incorporates an episodic fleck through various conflicts. rig Twains novel, The Adventures of huckleberry Finn (AHF), is a picaresque novel, marked by its episodic plot with a unifying theme of the river and the characterization of hucka sustain Finn as a varlet hero. The novels periodic plot is exhibit by huckabacks many adventures in separate episodes having independent conflicts.Gary Weiner, a former English teacher, states that the picaresque novel is episodic. Various scenes may have little to do with one a nonher, and entire scenes may be removed with go forth markedly altering the plot as a whole (88). The conflicts that govern huckabacks go outs with people like the rascally and devious king and the duke, the Grangerford family, or Colonel Sherburn are very different and disconn ected from one another. Whereas one episode involves two crooks, the duke and the king, the other involves a long-standing family feud among the Grangerford and Sheperdson families, and the third involves a Colonel defending his honor, with very little connection among the episodes.Tom Quirk, an author, editor, and English professor at the University of unloadouri-Columbia, also purports that Huckleberry Finn is a highly episodic book, and the administration of episodes observes no incontestable narrative logic. The feud chapters precede rather than follow the Boggs shooting not for self-evident artistic reasons but because we are to suppose that is the determine in which Huck lived them (97). The different conflicts exhibit the novels picaresque style and are used to relate the story of a wandering rogue hero.Though the storys plot is episodic in nature, there is, however, a unifying factor of the river, shown through the conflict and water diction. John C. Gerber, a well-known Twain scholar, affirms in Mark Twain Overview that though episodic in nature, the story nevertheless holds together because of the river and the constant presence of Huck as narrator. Every episode in the book takes place along the banks of the Mississippi River, as Huck and Jim travel down the mighty river, trying to find Cairo.From the crashed steamboat to the Royal None much(prenominal) spectacles along the riverside towns, the small conflicts are related by their proximity to the river. Leo Marx, Senior Lecturer and William R. Kenan Professor of Ameri dope Cultural History Emeritus at MIT, cites T. S. Eliot, a poet and also another critic, in saying that The River gives the book its form. But for the River, the book might be only a sequence of adventures with a apt ending (12). Water diction is used to purvey a sense of the unifying river in the book.As Huck and Jim raft down the river from Jackson Island, Huck comments 2 or three days and nights went by I reckon I might say they swum by, they slid along so quiet and smooth and lovely (AHF 129). The river physically holds the story together and also underlies the whole novel. Huck can be compared to Weiners definition of a Picaresque hero as The picaresque novel is a witty, satirical form that revolves around the exploits of a lower-class hero of dubious morals, often called a rogue hero. This hero lives by his wits as he moves through the various strata of his society.The hero is constantly in and out of problem but often uses his street-smarts to emerge from compromising situations. (87) To that extent, these four character traits are seen in the hero of the story, Huckleberry Finn. Huck can be characterized as having dubious morals through his actions and reasoning. Huck justifies some of his immoral actions, such as stealing, by development his paps own actions as a precedent. Quirk states, Huck is often capable of pseudomoralizing, citing his pap as authority for lifting a chicken or borrowing a melon (92).As Huck tells the reader during the preparations to help Jim escape from the Phelps residence, Along during that morning I borrowed a sheet and white shirt off of the clothes-line I called it borrowing because that was what pap always called it (AHF 256). Also, Huck rationalizes his immoral action when he sneaks into a circus without paying. He defends his action by saying that he did not need to waste money I aint opposed to spending money on circuses, but there aint no use in wasting it on them (AHF 159). Huck, therefore, carries out improper and immoral actions akin to thievery.Weiner verifies this there is no honor among thieves, and Huck, by necessity, has become one of them (83). Thus, Huck demonstrates the characteristic of being a rogue hero through his immoral actions and their justification. Rogue heroes travel through various social strata through the episodes that Huck experiences, Twain presents the many levels of antebellum Mississippi valley America n social strata. Huck starts traveling with Jim, a runaway slave, down the Mississippi river, and eventually befriends him, a lower class individual. Huck, after playing a heavy-handed joke on Jim, apologizes to him.This is highly out of convention for the milieu of the time, as Jim is naught more than a slave, while Huck is a white male child It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger but I done it, and I warnt unconsolable for it afterwards, neither (AHF 98). This exemplifies one instance where Huck mingles with a person of a lower class. Additionally, Huck cares enough about Jim that he resolves himself to free his friend and give the consequences I studied a minute then says to myself, All right. Then, Ill go to hell I would go to work and steal Jim out of slavery again (AHF 228). Huck sacrifices the most valuable part of himself, his soul, to stay with his lower class friend Jim. Huck also interacts with people of higher s ocial classes Tom Sawyer, his aunt, the Widow Douglas, and Miss Watson are all drawn from the middle class. The Sheperdsons and Grangerfords represent the fuddled, aristocratic upper class (Weiner 73). Miss Watson, who cares for Huck in the beginning, and the Widow Douglas are not overly wealthy, but do have several slaves (AHF 11).The Phelps family, who Huck mingles with when they mistake him for Tom Sawyer, also belongs to the middle class. Huck describes them as well-off, but not overly wealthy family Phelpss was one of these little one-horse cotton plantations(AHF 232). The cotton plantations were very successful at the time, but the Phelpss is one of a smaller size, denoting their middle-class status. When Huck arrives at the residence of the Grangerfords, an upper-class, aristocratic family who he stays with, he describes It was a mighty nice family, and a mighty nice house, too.I hadnt seen no house out in the country before that was so nice and had so much style (AHF 112). Huck also describes the house as having features like a hearth and other luxuries that only the affluent could afford. Therefore, Huck satisfies another requirement of the rogue hero, interacting with characters from various social classes. Another facet of the picaresque hero is his constant vane with trouble. Each episode that Huck experiences, embroils him in that conflict until he escapes to stumble into the next conflict.After the episode where Huck and Jim are separated in the fog, they encounter a group of slave-hunters following that, more trouble befalls them as a steamboat runs into their raft, forcing Huck into the water. Eventually, Huck washes up on the property of the Grangerfords, where he faces the next conflict. In his attempts to escape from trouble, Huck often inadvertently stumbles into more trouble. Huck quick-wittedly answers Goodness sakes, would a runaway nigger run south? to the king and the dukes wondering if Jim is a runaway slave (AHF 138). However, a ccording to R. J.Fertel, a Twain scholar, Hucks quick-witted answer gets Jim and Huck out of the frying pan and into the fire the duke responds by printing the slave bills that change their rafting by day and that leads ultimately to Jims being sold back into slavery (92). The different conflicts in the story as well as Hucks responses and reactions get Huck often into trouble. Finally, Huck fulfills the fourth criterion for a rogue hero by using wits and practical knowledge of the world to avoid or escape from trouble. Whenever Huck is tangled in a problem, he concocts a story for himself on the spot and manages his way out of trouble.According to Fertel, Huck, is an improviser always jell with a tall tale or scheme or counter scheme Hucks improvising is harmless, brought to bear on others only to avoid trouble (94). After Huck tries to slip away from the duke and the king after the townsfolk find out that the two are not the real relatives of the deceased man, Peter Wilks, the king catches Huck and asks if he was trying to give them the slip. Huck quickly lies that the man that had aholt of me was very good to me and he was sorry to see a boy in such a dangerous fix he let go of me and whispers Heel it now, or theyll hang ye for sure and I lit out (AHF 219). Similarly, when Jim is in danger of being find by raftsmen, he quickly lies to them and convinces them that his father has smallpox gentlemen, if youll only pull ahead, and let me heave you the head-line, you wont have to come a-near the raft the men immediately back off Keep away, boy keep to looard. Your paps got the smallpox and you know it precious well. Do you want to spread it al over? (AHF 103).Huck lies again to harbor himself as well as Jim. In addition, he uses his practical knowledge to support his story when he is cornered by Mrs. Judith Loftus. To see if Huck was authentically from a farm, as he had told her while in the guise of a girl, she asks him questions, such as Which side of a tree does the most moss grow on? to which Huck promptly and correctly answers North side Hucks practical knowledge convinces her, as she responds, Well, I reckon you have lived in the country, and relieves Huck of momentary trouble (AHF 71).Quickly concocting stories and lies as well as utilizing practical knowledge characterize Hucks wit, fulfilling this criterion of the rogue hero. An episodic plot and Huck Finn as a rogue hero establish Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as a picaresque novel. The plot consists of many episodes with separate and disconnected conflicts, all bound by the river. Huck Finn can be characterized as a rogue hero, thus fulfilling all the necessary criteria for the picaresque novel.

Query letter

Dear Publisher,Illustration has al courses been my passion since the last 15 long time of my purport and now I am at a point from where I can introduce my illustration disk, Cultural Diversity, to the readers wholly crosswise the Globe. My book, Cultural Diversity offers a collective view of the world, in which it highlights the greatness of it. I have traveled extensively crossways the continents to create my book from my locate experience. Thus Cultural Diversity has become a depiction of wonderful collage of various cultures of Europe, Asia, America and Africa, while identifying the effects of cultures over civilization.I love to choke with the world with my word-paintings and especially I love to put forth a subject done them that world is much beautiful than we can anticipate that irrespective of situations there is always the ray of hope, love, amity and fraternity and I have sincerely tried to show that these universal positive qualities unify the various civilizat ions across the worldly concern.These positive qualities that I could observe among all the places I visited, have remained my guiding engine behind the creation of Cultural Diversity they culminated into a wonderful software program of emotion, which then converted them into painting. That package of emotion, however, contains various shades in it like an intense desire to the hopeless winning hopes or the y dis foldhs blooming to their best. Thus there are many paintings that contain elements of inspiration for all which would touch the human mind and tell them to do their bit to come out of the shell of despair and frustration. Pictures tell more than 1000 words, so I believe and that has make me more confident or so imbibing the positivism in the readers mind through my paintings.I believe my proposed book would open a new horizon of ideas regarding how bulk can find the main chord of unity that exists in every circumstances of the world with same qualities kn possess t o everyone. My book Cultural Diversity thus, would facilitate its readers to dis blind that common chord and rediscover the joy of togetherness and fraternity. In the wake of globular disharmony, I believe this book would serve a great social cause as well.From a simple perspective, this book would communicate with its readers by twain ways by its paintings/illustrations and by short commentaries on them. This would greatly help a reader to get a comprehensive grasp over the nuances of from each one culture presented in the book. This brings forth the issue of educational value of this book which encompasses all the segments of the readers like parents, teachers and investigateers, besides the student community.Though Cultural Diversity has been accompanied by Mellitus language, I am ready to present it in other languages too because the simplicity of the content of this book would pose no hindrance at all their conversion into any other language. As for the language of the p icture, it would appeal the same way to anyone belonging to any culture of language. And it is my paintings that dominates this book, each carrying one or ii paragraphs of writing with them.In all, the proposed book Cultural Diversity contains all my own essences of education, experience, creativity, imagination and utmost passion to serve the world in my own humble way where the world would stop by and happily think of the joy of togetherness, of wonderful unity in diversity. Thus I would like you to be the bridge amid my dream and the reality by being the publisher of Cultural DiversityLooking forward to hearing from youDETAILS OF THE PROJECTI. OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK CULTURAL DIVERSITYEach painting of the book has evolved out of a particular culture, and thus contains specific elements of that culture to help the reader/viewer identify that. It took a painstaking amount of research to find out the appropriate characters, social events or other elements that could highlight the un iqueness of a culture. Im sure, the incorporation of different characters at every page that I have made with special emphasis on remembering them for longer period, would keep its readers engaged from its first page to the last page. Cultural Diversity would besides serve as a wonderful documentary of a time that is surely in transition in the wake of globalization with the advent of cyberspace and virtual world, the little nuances and customs spread all across the globe among different communities are now becoming the part of history a comfortably slice of which has been kept alive in my proposed book.This book demonstrates cultural diversity among 19 nationalities with strong cultural features. Between its folds, it holds the message that the world should be still with friendly people living together no matter what language they speak of what are their other ways of living. This book is an account of my first-hand experience well-nigh all the 19 places and their cultures, where I researched painstakingly to gather all the details like traditional costumes, skin colors, facial features, conduct flair, and the styles of their architecture. 19 pieces of painting in the book represent 19 nations, while the last painting combines the features of all 19 nations to form a unique painting to substantiate the final message No matter we differ in color, race or nationality, all of us are the parts of one single journey of civilization on this earth.The nationalities chosen for the project are British, Chinese, Japanese, Italian, French, Korean, Thai, Indian, Hindu, African, German, Egyptian, Vietnamese, Greek, Filipino, Turkish, Dutch, Icelander, and Russian. Each painting of them clearly highlights the unique feature of a particular nation, with exaggerated costumes, emphasized facial features and stylized characters. My own imagination too has supplemented the compositions, besides an intense use of my knowledge and skill of painting that I mastered throu gh extensive schooling and practice in fact this book is the end product of my tenure as a student.II. CATAGORY/NATURE OF THE BOOKThis books belongs to the category of Painting and Illustration. Three examples of other books, viz., Jimmys Books of Paintings, Moster Goose and The Adventures of Abdi from this category would rationalize better1. Jimmys Books of Paintings Jiminy he is a famous artist in Taiwan and Japan with lots of titles to his credit. Most of his book have become popular, of which a redeeming(prenominal) many cheater has been made for toy or gift goods. His target readership aims readers from the age group 12 onwards, which would be my target tool. Some of his books have been employ as educational items for the younger generations, as Jimmy mostly highlighted the subject Love in his books. Accordingly, my book highlights the topic Fraternity.How My Book Differs from Jimmy Jiminys nontextual matter has solid condense smooth contrast, while my art has more contras t impact, intending to drag more of the readers attention. This is in complete contrast with Jimmys style. piece of music Jimmys book speaks about Love, my book wants to establish the power of fraternity which holds a much larger canvas and much significance in topicality under the present context of deteriorating democracy of global harmony. Therefore my book promises to attract a larger readership across the globe.2. Moster goose This is another kind of illustration book, which simply tells some stories with simple painting. This book targets little childrens market. The illustrations and writings in it are very simple and is not for the readership above 15 at the most.How it Differs from My Book My book is very complex in a sense that it contains something more than an illustration. It speaks its story through the paintings primarily. However, the elements incorporated in the paintings would definitely rouse the interest among children as well. This way my book is miles ahead in the range of possible readership, with its promise to become a part of the growth of the children all across the globe.3. The Adventures of Abdi This book uses live sources as its basic design where it tells a complete story with picture.Its Difference with My Book My book covers more elements than live sources, and instead of telling a single story, it highlights different aspects of different communities across the globe and in the end unifies them in a single painting to put forth the message of fraternity. I have used few paragraph to maintain about the communities mostly, thereby leaving much scope for the readers to imagine on their own, while letting the paintings interact with them. Thus my book stands apart in style and technique from The Adventures of Abdi and also promises to gather much larger readership than it.III. AUTHORS BACKGROUNDI have been learning Art for about ten years. There were many reasons why I chose to be an Artist as my lifetime career. While paintin g a piece of artwork, other than satiateing the happiness inside of me, it also helps me to put the painful memories of my real life aside. On top of that, my family background took the major role of why I want to be an Artist.Since my parents got divorced before I was born, my mother raised me. While I grew up without having a father by my side, my mother became the most important role in my life. except on my age of fourteen, my mother was sustain having rectum cancer. That was the most frightening moment of my life. What if she left me and wont be there for me anymore?Luckily, my mother didnt leave me. After she got healed, she said to me, You must(prenominal) learn something in professional skill. In case I must leave you some day, you must have the ability to support your own life in this challenging world. I love painting since I was little, so I thought maybe I have some talents within this field. But when I decided to join the world of art, my mother had strongly disappr oved that idea. She opined that it is hard for an artist to get a stable job in Taiwan, my native the place.Passion overruled the suggestion, as painting happens to be my life. I never feel tired of creating artworks. Fortunately, she listened to my appeal and finally allowed me to choose what I want to be.I spent most of my time on painting. I enjoyed and treasured each of my chances of learning in school and that definitely has improved my painting skill, knowledge of art, composition, color theory and creativity. Initially it was more of a challenge took charge of me, as I wanted to prove my worth as an artist to my mother but in the end it turned out to be one of pure love for art and nothing else Now my hard work is not just aimed to fulfill my mothers dream, but also to fulfill the promises showing in my art.A lot of people use different ways to recall their memories and experiences. For example, writing dairies, recording voices, or taking pictures. My way of recalling my me mories and experiences is to paint ingest what I saw. I have been living in America for five years. America is a very interesting country since it is an international place where people came from different parts of the world. Most of the people Ive met in this country have actually moved here from another place. With such friends and schoolmates living close by, each of us contribute to form a wonderful global culture here, which perhaps also influenced my thought process to go in creating a book with the concept of global fraternity.IV. TARGET MARKET SEGMENTMy target market segment covers the following features) It aims to cater to the market segment between the range of 12 years and above.) It aims to cater to the global audience) It aims to keep the price range within the reach of lower or lower middle income group.V. IDEAS ABOUT PROMOTIONThere ordain be online stores under my personal web site and I result contact the online bookstores operating from Taiwan and US, who would carry promotional campaign with excerpts of my book and downloadable screensavers made with one or two of my paintings. Alongside they would provide easy online retail outlets. A promotional video can also be made with the excerpts of the book. These will be joined by traditional advertisements on the magazines and on the websites.I will open a web blog with the description of the book and promotional lit for it. Besides that I will hold small meetings with friends and peers to hold lecture sessions with the USP of the book. Alongside, I will promote my book with some small giveaways like spot holder, small notebooks, etc., all designed with elements taken from my book.VI. PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONi) Book Size 1612 inch total 40 page including coversii) Printing employment Print will be done in China. Digital file request for example print, most example print will be spare if we order the amount of print around 5000-10000 books, full color print. Selection of different paper and book cover paper material will flip the cost accordingly. This estimate has been received from a printing farm based at Shenzhen city, China, over international phone quote, which puts the basic price range for 5000 prints (hard cover book, double side saint gloss finish on two-pound paper) cost around $2-$3 per book, excluding shipping cost.) Shipping Cost and Delivery Time It is about $600, that would take around 3 week to US.V) Estimated Final Cost Around $4 per book.V) Estimated Sale Price I will set my book barter price around $16.99 for US, $10 for Asia such as China, Taiwan, Hong Kong.Ends

American Election

Proponents also point out that, far from diminishing minority interests by depressing voter participation, the electoral College actu on the wholey enhances the status of minority groups. This is so because the votes of raze small minorities in a submit may beget the difference between winning all of that states electoral votes or none of that states electoral votes. And since ethnical minority groups in the United States happen to concentrate in those states with the most electoral votes, they assume an importance to presidential candidates well out of proportion to their number.The same principle applies to a nonher(prenominal) special interest groups such as labor unions, farmers, environmentalists and so forth. Most states use a winner-take-all form, in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the states electoral votes. This gives candidates an incentive to pay the most attention to states without a clear favorite, such as Pennsylvania, Ohio an d Florida.For example, California, Texas and New York, in spite of having the largest populations, occupy in fresh elections been considered safe for a particular fellowship Democratic for California & New York republican for Texas, and in that respectfore candidates typically devote relatively few resources, in both time and money, to such states It is possible to win the election by winning all of el withal states and disregarding the rest of the country. In the close elections of 2000 and 2004, these eleven states gave 111 votes to Republican candidate George W.Bush and 160 votes to Democratic candidates Al Gore and John Kerry. Part 2. How the electoral College system in the general election fail to ensure that the presidential candidate who wins the most votes becomes president. One way in which a minority president could be elected is if the country were so deeply divided governmentally that there were three or much presidential candidates split the electoral votes among them such that no one obtained the necessary majority. This occurred in 1824 and was successfully attempted in 1948.Those who object to the Electoral College system and favor a direct popular election generally do so on four grounds the hazard of electing a minority president, the risk of so-called faith little electors, the possible role of the Electoral College in depressing voter turn out and its failure to accurately reflect the national popular will. A faithless voter is one who pledge to vote for his or her partys candidate for president precisely nevertheless votes for an some other candidate.In this way the Electoral College may fail to ensure that the presidential candidate who has the most votes becomes president. On the concern of the possible role of the Electoral College in depressing voter turn out critics argue that since each state is entitled to the same number of electoral votes regardless of its voter tackle, there is no incentive to encourage voter participati on. The college fails to accurately reflect the national popular will in at least two respects. First the scattering of Electoral votes in the college tends to over-represent tidy sum in rural states.This is because the number of Elector for each state is determined by the number if members it has in the House (which more than or less reflects the states population size) plus the number of members it has in the senate (which is always two regardless of the states population). A second way in which the Electoral College fails to accurately reflect the national popular will stem primarily from winner-take-all mechanism whereby the presidential candidate who wins the most poplar votes in the state wins all the Electoral votes of that state.One effect of this mechanism is to make it extremely baffling for third-party or sovereign candidates ever to make much of showing in the Electoral College. If for example, a third party or independent candidate were to win the support of even a s many as 25% of the voters nationwide, he faculty still end up with no Electoral College votes at all unless he won a plurality of votes in at least the state. And even if he managed to win a few states, his support elsewhere would not be reflected.By thus failing to accurately reflect the national popular will, the disceptation goes, the Electoral College reinforces a two party system, discourages third party or independent candidates and thereby tends to restrict choice available to the electorate. Part 3 How several(prenominal) groups have much higher disturbance rates than? Low turnout is often considered to be undesirable and there is much debate over the factors that tinge turnout and how to increase it. Its case has been attributed to a wide array of economic, demographic, cultural, technological and institutional factors.A high turnover is generally seen as evidence of the legitimacy of the contemporary system. Socioeconomic factors significantly affect whether or not individuals vote. The most important socioeconomic factor in voter turnout is education. The more educated a person, the more app bent he or she is to vote, even when controlled for other factors such as income and class that are closely associated with education level. Income has some effect independently. Wealthier lot are more likely to vote regardless of their educational background.Other demographic factors have an important influence young passel are far less likely to vote than the elderly and single people are less likely to vote than those who are married. Occupation has little effect on turnover with the notable exception of higher voting rates among regimen employees in many countries. Generally speaking, the lower voters education level and lower voters income level, the less likely they are to vote. For example, college graduates in some recent election have had turnout levels nearly twice that of those who have not finished high school.Some individuals possess mo re politically relevant sources, like income and education, than others, some are more interested in public affairs and some are more likely to be recruited to participate. These factors arise from early socialization at home and in school and from affiliations with voluntary associations, workplaces and religious institutions. Public policies can confer resources, motivate interest in government affairs by trying well-being to government action, define groups for mobilization and even shape the content and meaning of democratic citizenship.These effects are positive for some groups, like senior citizens, raising their participation levels. A surge in black voters turnout is often cited as a of import factor in Jimmy Carters 1976 election victory. Beginning with Parenti (1967), many scholars advanced an ethnic community theory to explain why members of major ethnic groups in American cities (particularly the Irish, Italians and Jews) participated politically at rates much higher th an their levels of education and income would predict.According to this theory, socially marginalized groups developed strong communal norms of participation to which there is capacious pressure within the group to conform. Political and social participation in elections asserts the importance of minority groups within the larger society. As such, all members of the group are expected to have interest. Part 4 How campaign contributions from Political Action Committees may tilt the political system toward big cockeyed interests.Citizens with lower or moderate incomes speak with a whisper that is lost on the ears of inattentive government officials, while the advantaged roar with a clarity and consistency that policy-makers readily try out and routinely follow. As people become more concentrated and the flow of money into elections has grow campaign contributions give the affluent a means to transport their voice that is unavailable to most citizens. Government is expected to help ensure satisfactory opportunity for all, not to tilt toward those who already have wealth and power. regular(a) more clearly, Americans celebrate and expect equal democratic rights.Americans fervently believe that everyone should have an equal say in our democratic politics, helping to shape what government does. They embrace whole-heartedly the ideal enunciated by the U. S. Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal, which in our time means that every citizen regardless of income, gender, race, and ethnicity should have an equal voice in representative government. The government is run by a few big interests looking out only for themselves. Campaign contributors do not represent the interests of the majority citizens.In 2000, an income of over $ 100,000 was found only in 12 percent of American households. 95 percent of campaign contributors were from these households. Political contributors or moneyed interests are not bribing politicians directly. What moneyed i nterests and wealthy citizens do gain from contributing hugely is influence on the people who run for office and an audience with these people once they get to power. Essay 2 Part 1 Why the US has only two parties represented in its legislature unlike other established democracies. Too much discipleship can be fatal to democracy.The worn outness of parties can also pose dangers. In a legislature with weak party attachments, it may prove impossible to pass needed legislation. The result, as in Yeltsins Russia is often resort to presidential decrees or even the strong-arm disbanding of the legislature. Conversely, legislators may be easily wooed by a president through patronage or less savory means. In countries with weak parties like the Philippines and Korea, it has been common for presidents elected without a legislative majority to acquire one through massive party defections.Indeed, one of the areas in which the dozens of new democracies established in the past two decades ha ve been least successfully is the creation of strong and stable political parties committed to democracy. In part, this reflects the impossibility of crafting a party system unlike most other key democratic political institutions, parties cannot be legislated into existence. At the same time it reflects a global trend, as political parties calculate to be increasingly enfeebled institutions in the more established democracies as well.Almost everywhere, parties no longer command the loyalty or confidence they once did and the number of independent voters and ticket-splitters has grown. The US uses the principle of proportional representation which in essence means that parties or blocks of like minded voters should win seats in legislative assemblies to their appoint of the popular vote. A two party system is the only way to practice this principle. The cultural diversities in US are well catered for in a two party system. Having many parties in such a diverse society would mean th at the real views of the people would not be reflected.More over a majority would be hard to achieve with many parties being represented in the legislature. Part 2 Why turnout in the US is so low compared to other established democracies? The US is one of the few countries require citizens to get themselves registered to vote, rather than having the government pro-actively making sure that all voters are on the electoral rolls, usually through some form of automatic and permanent enrollment on achieving voting age. On the one hand, in the United States, registration requirements are a serious barrier to political participation.There are many reasons why turnout in the US is as low as it is. Voters have to want to go to the polls and believe that their votes will matter. Many voters are disaffected from two political parties, turned off by negative campaigning, frighten by the long ballots, and bothered by the lack of clear accountability in the crazy guilt federal system. The elec tion laws themselves make it more difficult for people to participate. For example Election Day is usually on a weekday (the first Tuesday in November for presidential and congressional elections) and it may be difficult for people to get away from work to vote.A more direct reduction in participation is brought about by laws in many states that bar convicted criminals from the political process. most five millions Americans are unable to participate in the elections for these reasons. Other countries have found more direct ways to ensure high voter turnout such as making voting compulsory. In Australia, citizens who do not vote are subject to paying a fine and in Belgium, tell failure to vote can lead to having your right to vote permanently cancelled. In America voting is not compulsory.The governments of most established countries take the province of registering as many eligible voters as possible. In the US it is the sole responsibility of the individual to register for voti ng. If the costs and benefits that Americans encounter are markedly antithetic than those encountered by citizens of other countries, then that should explain why the US turnout rate is so low. Americas unique registration laws accounted for roughly fractional the difference between US turnout rates and those of other advanced industrialized democracies in the 1960s and 1970s.Part 3. Advantages and disadvantages of the American style of candidate centered politics. The lour of American political parties in recent decades has made strength of partisanship even more important in predicting who votes. The rise of candidate-centered politics and the decline of partisanship can explain this phenomenon. When the focus of campaigns was on two parties rather than many candidates for many offices, everyone gained at least somewhat from picking choosing ones favorite candidates from both parties.Thus even those who did not identify with a party in the past could benefit from the partisan m anner by which the campaigns were conducted. In the candidate-centered environment now, by contrast, the mobilizing effects of party competition have been felt more disproportionately according to ones level of party identification. The result has been rising inequality of turnout rates according to partisan strength. Voters in parliamentary systems are becoming more candidates centered in their voting, compared to voters in presidential systems.At the same time, it would appear that voters in presidential systems are evaluating candidates in a more instrumental and less partisan way. More so than in the past, candidates campaigns are self sufficient organizations indirectly dependent on political parties. And as agents of information, campaigns are replacing parties as the primary source of information about the candidates. Reference Franklin, Mark (2001) The Dynamics of Participation in the Electoral mould. In Comparing Democracies Elections and Voting in Global Perspective 2, ed . Laurence Leduc, Richard Niemi and Pippa Norris. Thousand Oaks CA Sage, in press

Paradise Lost vs Genesis Essay

In the book of Genesis 31-6, the passage teaches the story of how demon tempts even into causing the act that leads to the fall of mankind. Of this biblical account, is where John Milton gained inspiration for the idea of is work, promised land Lost. Miltons storyline and broad array of imagery portray the tale in a different climb down than that told in the Bible. While both accounts of the fall, atomic number 18 used to convey the uniform story and outcome, the two mutants share some comparative similarities and many tell apart differences.In the biblical account of the fall, the dialogue shared between Satan and Eve is less developed and vague in detail than that of Miltons tale. Satans approach of Eve is much more upfront and less personal in meaning. He quickly takes hold of the topic of the veto fruit. His character is shown with a much shallower depth of knowledge towards Eve. He uses a more 2-dimesional approach to tempt Eve to eat from the tree that divinity fudge has forbidden her and Adam to eat from.He is shown to have a lack of cunning, and directly disproves and belittles Eves fears of eating from the tree with a lack of creative thinking and slyness. As the story continues, Eve is finally won over by temptation and eats from the tree. The story is left at that moment. John Miltons Paradise Lost tells this same tale with a few changes in detail. Satans initial approach of Eve is much more complex than that shown in the biblical version. Satan uses charm and flattery to woe Eves trust towards his word, rather that to that of the word of deity.With Eves wariness of his gestures, he then refers to her figure as that of a goddess and continues to exemplify her beauty, which in turn, soothes Eves doubts. During their conversation, the two exchange dialogue that, to the reader, gives a more in depth and demonstrative look at what Satan is attempting to convey to Eve. Instead of simply disproving Eves fears of the consequences of eating from the tree, He lies and portrays himself as a living example of Gods false threats of death. This portraying by Satan leads Eve to yearn for the wisdom and knowledge that Satan promises when the forbidden fruit is consumed.From the text So glozd the Tempter, and his Proem tund? Into the Heart of Eve his words made way, shows how Satans words attract Eves attention and do in fact woe her heart. After this temptation, Eve eats from the tree, and Milton uses intense imagery to describe events that come after this event. Milton describes how Earth feels the wound of Eves sin. Eves inner emotions are brought to light with her disobedience to God. She becomes worried of Adams reaction of this act against God, and fears she will be replaced.Her fear of being disowned by Adam comes before her fear of God. This is her prime reasoning for wanting to share the fruit with Adam. While the two versions of the same story differ to some degree, the similarities are equally noticeable. There is no qu estion that there was, in fact, some sort of dialogue shared between Satan and Eve. In both accounts, Satan disguises himself in the form of a serpent. In this form is where he approaches Eve and begins to woe her from her promise to not eat from the forbidden fruit.Both stories convey the same outcome of this event by Eve sharing the fruit with Adam. By examining these two works, its easy to notice the aspect that Milton used to convey his story to the reader. Miltons account of the fall of man uses broad imagery and creative story telling, but its meaning still shares some of the same qualities of the biblical version told in Genesis 31-6. While both accounts of the fall convey the same overall outcome and meaning, some aspects of the stories compare and contrast greatly.

Frankenstein vs Planet of the Apes

Frankenstein VS Planet of the Apes A Frightful Showdown Humans as a species like to experiment with the universe of discourse around them and push the limits of any known law. As a result, the human race is constantly toying with the everlasting puzzle What is career and how endure it be manipulated? Through many realistic fiction storiessuch as Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Rise of the Planet of the Apesthe general public is able to take a look into how far the human mind wants to go.Both stories use technology as a vehicle to enhancing human life and end up with horrible endings. though these tales share a common theme, they diverge in plot outlines by exploring different ways that technology can affect life as usual. By examining these tales one will notice the difference of experiments, consequences, and relationships. The first major difference is the means of experimentation between the two protagonists. In Frankenstein, Victor uses a swart spark of life to bring his crea tion alive in order to fulfill his own ambitions.In Rise of the Planet of the Apes, the protagonists motivation for experimenting on life is for the greater good from the get go. By these plots being different, the audience can see how even though scientists can have totally demote ideas and reasoning the end game is usually the same. However, this was not the only difference between the cautionary narratives. The other key thing that made these stories different was the endings. In the blast, the experiments wreak havoc on the city just so that they could get to safety.In the novel, the creation causes destruction for the sole purpose of tormenting its creator. The apes reach their destination and though they give a wake of terror in their path are generally safe and complacent, while the protagonist quietly mourns losing his friend. On the other hand, Victor loses his life in the hunt for the creation and the monster commits suicide leaving no trace of any the events that took place. These two differences are what make each tale unique. The film and novel have one commonality they warn humans of the dangers that can be self-inflicted.Each story results in suffering, loss, and destruction caused by the creations. They try and convey the nub that manipulating life can be a volatile process and should be handled with the utmost care. Though one lead character lives while the other main character dies, they both reach a point where they realize the power and seriousness of their actions therefore teaching the reader/ viewer. Watching/ reading these interesting narratives can leave a person more cautious of their actions and decisions.Overall, the book and film differed in a variety of ways, ways such as plot line and end results. However the overall theme of the power of technology in human lives remained dominant in both tales. One is a film with terrific visual effects and the other is an aged book that still retains the vividness of its day. They are bo th striking entertainment and could be interchangeable for instilling a sense of power and responsibly in reckless youth. There were few things that could be tweaked and more informative tales should be made revolving around this universal subject.

Neonatal Medicine: CPAP and Ventilation in Neonatal Respiratory Distress

You ar reviewing Nathan, a 12 hour old neonate with respiratory straiten. He is 37 weeks maternal quality and was born by caes atomic number 18an section following failure to progress. The oxygen saturation is 94% in 50% FiO2, the respiratory rate is 80. There is keep intercostal recession and an occasional grunt. Your hospital participated in the bubbles for babies trial and you have just started to use CPAP in your unit now the trial is finished. Your registrar suggests victimisation CPAP on this neonate, but the nursing staff have called you to arrange transfer.QuestionsWould you use CPAP or ventilate and transfer this neonate?Please give reasons for your choice with fiber to the current literature.In your answer you should also consider the following main points the benefits of CPAP over ventilation, particularly with reference to your current practice environment the potential complications of CPAP reasons why ventilation may be required even though CPAP is in situ.The bab y Nathan is suffering from Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, which is a tally virtually lots seen in newborn babies and is characterized by a difficulty in subsisting. The condition more frequently develops in prematurely born babies as their lungs atomic number 18 not fully create. The lubricant that lines the inner membranes of the lungs (known as wetting agent) is deficient, thus causing difficulty in inflating the lungs and resulting in the song sacs collapsing.Surfactant helps to lower the dig up tension of water that is present on the alveoli, thus helping to prevent the lung sacs from collapsing. Usually, the condition develops in infants born before the 38 week. The baby is cyanosed and has difficulty in breathing. The accessory muscles of respiration are active and a frequent grunting sound is heard. The other symptoms that may be observed include nasal flaring, shallow breathing, futile legs, unusual movement of the chest wall, etc.The infant may be hypoxic and the CO2 levels in the melodic line rise. The symptoms usually develop at birth, or a little while after birth. The symptoms tend to worsen and may progress to respiratory failure and death. As the prematurity increases, so does the chance of developing this condition. This is because surfactant is produced only during the later stages of gestation in the infant. The diagnosis of RDS in babies is made based on the history, presence of certain risk factors, Chest X-ray, Blood tests, CSF studies, lung tests, blood gas analysis, etc (Greene, 2007 & Merck, 2005).When a neonatal is born, certain signs are observed which include-a heart rate between 110 to 150 beats per split seconda respiratory rate between 40 to 70 breathes per minuteabsence of cyanosis, nasal flaring, grunting sounds, forceful use of accessory muscles during respiration, etcOxygen saturation which is roughly 95 %the P ao2 is higher than 50 %the FiO2 is about 40 to 50 % (CCM, 2007, NGC, 2008, & Millar et al, 2004 )Previously, for the treatment of RDS, ventilatory support was utilized. This may be utilized if the blood hundred dioxide levels are high, the blood oxygen levels are low, and if acidosis sets in. To some extent ventilation helps to reduce the infant mortality rate arising from RDS, but the morbidity to develop Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (a condition characterized by oedema of the air sacs and of the connective tissues due to persistent inflammation) is high as the young neonatal lungs are damaged from ventilation.One of the treatments that have been developed in order to overcome the limitations of ventilation is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). This is an advanced form of therapy in which the upper and the lower airways receive a continuous distending pressure through the infants pharynx and/or nose throughout the respiratory cycle. An endotracheal tube can also be utilized. The artifice is connected to a gas source that provides humidified warm air continuously (NGC , 2008, Millar et al, 2004, Tidy, 2007).CPAP has several benefits including-helps to maintain a common breathing pattern helps to arrive at normal functional residual capacity helps to lower any airway resistance in the upper respiratory tract helps to prevent development of apnea prevents the airways and the air sacs from collapsing helps stimulate release of surfactant helps to increase the lung volume and lung function After expiration, CPAP helps to keep the air sacs open The chances of developing lung trauma such as barotrauma and atelectotrauma are lesser (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004). CPAP is required in several situations that arise from RDS including-When it is difficult to maintain the Pa02 above 50 %.When the respiratory rate is above 70 breathes per minute unwarranted use of the accessory muscles of respirationThe oxygen saturation falls to between 90 to 95 %The presence of apneaIt can be utilized along with system of surfactant that develops out of the need to treat RDS (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004).As the patient is not suffering from a severe form of RDS and the oxygen saturation levels have not dropped to a serious extent, ventilatory support is not required, and the patient can be treated with CPAP. Besides, the findings do not suggest that the patient is suffering from a cardiovascular complication, an upper respiratory tract abnormality or intractable apneic episodes. Along with CPAP, several other measures are required such as using larger nasal prongs, ensuring that the baby is in a prone position and keeping a towel below the neck. This helps to ensure that the certain areas are aerated better (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004).CPAP has several complications including-mucous from the upper respiratory tract may block the nasopharyngeal tube that delivers CPAP Sometimes blockages may result in the pressure rising to higher levels in the tube If the peak pressure is very high, then gastric complications can develop The nasopharyngeal tube has to be placed in exact position. Any deviation from the position can result in fluctuation of the air pressure The nasal devices may be swallowed or aspirated resulting in severe complications Sometimes harnesses may be utilized to place the head and the neck in position. This may cause serious dermatologic and musculoskeletal complications in the infant Air leakage problems in the lungs Abdominal distention Decrease in the cardiac output Higher working of breathing pneumothoraces and air embolism can also develop Cardiac monitoring needs to be performed more closely in the case of CPAP compared to ventilation often air leaks from the nose and the mouth it may be very difficult to control the air pressure in the lower airways If CPAP is applied to an infant with normal lungs, several problems can develop Several respiratory complications such as pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium can develop (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004, Halamek et al, 2006) ReferencesCalifornia College of Midwives (20080, Guidelines for Assessing the Neonate, Online, Available http//www.collegeofmidwives.org/Standards_2004/Standards_MBC_SB1950/Assess_HealthyNeonate_Oct2004_OOO.htm Retrieved on 2008, April 2.Greene, A. (2007), Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, Online, Available http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001563.htm Retrieved on 2008, April 2.Halamek, L. P. Et al (2006), Continuous Positive Airway Pressure During Neonatal Resuscitation, Clin Perinatol, 33, pp. 83-98. http//www.mdconsult.com/das/article/body/91421747-3/jorg=journal&source=MI&sp=16080552&sid=690389052/N/525142/s0095510805001235.pdf?issn=0095-5108Millar, D., & Kirpalani, H. (2004), Benefits of Non Invasive Ventilation, Indian Pediatrics, 41, pp. 1008-1017. http//www.indianpediatrics.net/oct2004/oct-1008-1017.htmNGC (2008), Complete Summary, Online, Available http//www.guideline.g ov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=6516&nbr=4085, Retrieved on 2008, April 2.Sehgal A. Et al (2003), Improving Oxygenation in Preterm Neonates with Respiratory Distress, Online, Available http//www.indianpediatrics.net/dec2003/1210.pdf, Retrieved on 2008, April 2.The Merck manual (2005). Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Online, Available http//www.merck.com/mmpe/sec19/ch277/ch277h.html, Retrieved on 2008, April 2.Tidy, C. (2006), Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), Online, Available http//www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40000462/, Retrieved on 2008, April 2.

Freedom in 17th century America

During the 17th nose candy in north the States there existed several classes of people. Each class had their own varying of freedom. During this period North America rapidly evolved from an experiment of sorts to a powerful colony with a multicultural immigrant base. As the colony evolved so did the social structures of its people. Whether it was with women, Indians, articled servants, slaves, puritans or property owners each class had their own distinct version of freedom. The backbone behind the growth of the American Colony was the labor force, which was necessary to reap such rich and large farms and plantations.During the 17th century this labor force primarily composed of indentured servants and slaves. Many Englishmen came to the new world as indentured servants on seven-year deals where they worked to gain their place and freedom. While under contract they were treated similar to slaves of the time. Like slaves they could be acquired or sold as well as punished corporally . It wasnt until the latter 17th century when laws were put into place to differentiate between indentured servants and slaves. These distinctions were largely based on race.Though slavery wasnt nearly as widespread as the next two centuries it still had no bearing on a slaves life. Slaves of in North America lived with absolutely no freedom whatsoever. Indian and women were two of the other restricted classes within 17th century Indian society. This timeframe was absolutely catastrophic for Indians across the board. The introduction of disease by the European influx of settlers had an apocalyptic effect on the population of the Indians. Many tribes sustained losses as heavy as 90% of their populace.While most Indians have individual freedoms within their specific tribes, as a whole their lands were being stolen and their very survival was at stake. While women in the colony certainly did suffer as badly from disease, that doesnt mean life was rosy either. Based on the English comm on law of coverture, women couldnt even individually own property if married. Essentially anything women owned was actually owned by their husbands by right. Along with not having the right to property they overly did not have a right to vote, and were expected to be obedient in a male driven society.On the other end of the freedom spectrum from the aforesaid(prenominal) lie the Puritans and Landowners. While women in puritan society had a similar role as describe above, the men were closer to actual freedom. The men in good standing with their society could do what he practically wanted within the bounds of the puritan norm. However they rather took to persecution within the ranks. The most famous example being the Salem Witch Trials and the circumstances that led to one of the earliest womens religious leaders Anne Hutchinson. Landowners, when it comes to freedom in the 17th century had the direct opposite experience of slaves.They could vote, earn, and own property at will. Man y of our nations forefathers are descendants of these early landowners. Contrary to popular belief even the blotto ones were more likely to be a hard worker with long hours than British gentlemen that most would imagine. The melting pot that is now modern North America had its roots sown in the 17th century. There were a great many classes of people seeking a new beginning either by choice or need. Whether they were indentured servants, slaves, women, Indians, puritans, or landowners each class had different grades of freedom in their life.

Coyote Blue Chapter 1~2

Part 1EpiphanyCHAPTER 1 bread and merelyter Will Find YouSanta Barbara, CaliforniaWhile magic powder was sprinkled on the sidewalk turn outside, Samuel Hunter move around his office equal a machine, firing out phone addresss, checking computer printouts, and barking orders to his secretary. It was how he began both business day running in machine mode until he left for his premiere gross revenue appointment and put on the right psychea for the prospect.People who knew Sam nominate him hardworking, in narrateigent, and even likable, which is b atomic number 18ly what he wanted them to find. He was confident and successful in business, notwithstanding he wore his success with a humility that put people at ease. He was tall, lean, and quick with a smile, and people state he was as comfortable in a Savile Row suit before a boardroom of businessmen as he was lounging in jeans at Santa Barbaras wharf, trading stories and lies with the fishermen. In fact, the apparent ease with w hich Sam master his environment was the single disturbing quality people noticed in him. How was it that a guy could runaway so many roles so well, and never seem uncomfortable or out of place? Something was missing. It wasnt that he was a bad guy, it was practiced that you could never wreak close to him, you never got a feel for who he really was, which is exactly how Sam wanted it. He melodic theme a show of desire, of passion, of anger even, would take in him away, so he suppressed these emotions until he no longer felt them. His life was steady, level, and safe.So it happened that on an autumn-soft sunny day, not two weeks after his thirty-fifth birthday, some twenty years after he had run away from home, Samuel Hunter stepped out of his office onto the sidewalk and was poleaxed by desire.He saw a little girl loading groceries into an old Datsun Z that was parked at the curb, and to the core of his being, Sam wanted her. later he would recall the details of her appearance a line of muscle on a burn mark thigh, cutoff jeans, the undercurve of a breast showing below the half shirt, yellow hair tied up haphazardly, tendrils escaping to brush high cheekbones and wide brown eyes but her effect on him now was comparable a long, oily saxophone note that started somewhere in that lizard part of the brain where the libido resides and resonated land his body to the tendons in his groin and indorse into his stomach to form a knot that nearly multiply him oer.You want her? The question came from beside him, a mans voice that startled him a bit, but not enough for him to dash his eyes from the girl.The question came again. You want her?Already off balance, Sam turned toward the voice, then(prenominal)ce stepped sticker in surprise. A young Indian man dressed in glowering buckskins fringed with red feathers sit raze on the sidewalk by the office admission. While Sam tried to regain mental ground, the Indian dazzled a grin and pulled a long dagger from his belt.If you want her, go get her, he said. Then he flipped the dagger across the sidewalk into the front tire of the girls car. There was a clod and a high squealing hiss as the air escaped the tire.What was that? the girl said. She lickmed the hatchback and travel to the front of the car.Sam, in a panic, looked for the Indian, who had disappeared, and then for the knife, which had vanished as well. He turned and looked through the glass door into his outer office, but the Indian wasnt there either.I cant believe I endorseed this, the girl said, staring at the flattened tire. Ive done it again. Ive manifested failure.Sams confusion blossomed. What are you talking about?The girl turned and looked at him for the outset time, studied him for a second, then said, Every time I get a job I manifest some kind of tragedy that ruins my chances of keeping it.But its just a flat tire. You cant manifest a flat tire. I saw the guy that did this. It was Sam stopped himself. The Indi an in black had triggered his fears of being found out, of going to prison. He didnt want to relive the shock. It was in all probability some glass you picked up. You cant evacuate that sort of thing.Why would I manifest glass in my tire? The question was in intense she searched Sams face for an answer. If he had one, he lost it in her eyes. He couldnt get a grip on how to react to any of this.He said, The Indian-Do you fool a phone? she interrupted. I have to call work and tell them Ill be late. I dont have a spare.I can give you a ride, Sam said, feeling stupidly proud of himself for being able to speak at all. I was just leaving for an appointment. My cars around the corner.Would you do that? I have to go all the way to upper declare Street.Sam looked at his watch, out of habit only hed have driven her to Alaska if she had asked. No problem, he said. happen me.The girl grabbed a bundle of clothes from the Datsun and Sam led her around the corner to his Mercedes. He undecid ed the door for her and tried not to watch her get in. Whenever he looked at her his mind went blank and he had to thrash around looking for what to do next. As he got in the car he caught a glimpse of her brown legs against the black leather seat and forgot for a moment where the ignition slot was. He stared at the dashboard and tried to calm himself, even as he was thinking, This is an accident waiting to happen.The girl said, Do you think that the Germans make such good cars to atone for the Holocaust?What? He started to look at her, but instead turned his attention to the road. No, I dont think so. Why do you ask?It doesnt matter, I hypothesize. I just thought it might bother them. I have a leather pate that I cant wear anymore because when I have it on I have to drive miles out of my way to avoid going by cow pastures. non that the cows would want it back zippers are hard for them but they have such beautiful eyes, it makes me feel bad. These seats are leather, arent t hey?Vinyl, Sam said. A new kind of vinyl. He could smell her scent, a mix of jasmine and citrus, and it was making driving as tight as following her conversation. He turned the air-conditioning on full and c erstntrated on timing the lights.I wish I had calf eyes those long lashes. She pulled down the visor and looked in the vanity mirror, then bent over until her head was almost at the steering wheel and looked at Sam. He glanced at her and felt his breath visit in his throat as she smiled.She said, You have golden eyes. Thats unusual for soul with such dark skin. Are you an Arab?No, Im I dont jockey. Im a mongrel, I guess.I never met a dickhead before. I hear they were great horsemen, though. My mother used to read me that poem In Xanadu did Kublai Khan a stately pleasure dome decree. I dont record the rest. Someone told me that the Mongrels were same the bikers of their time.Who told you that?This person whos a biker.Person? Sam knew there was some reality to grab on to somewhere, a congeal from which he could regain control, if only he could get a straight answer.Do you make out where the tangerine Tree Cafe is on upper State? Thats where I work.Just tell me a stuff or so before we get to it.Even after twenty years Sam found it impossible to distinguish one area of Santa Barbara from another. Everything was the same white stucco with red tile roofs. The city had been partially destroyed by an earthquake in 1925, and since then the city planners had required all commercial message buildings to be built in the Spanish-Moorish style they even dictated the shade of white that buildings were painted. The result was a beautifully consistent city with almost no distinctive landmarks. Sam usually spotted his finishing just as he passed it.That was it back there, the girl said.Sam pulled the car to the curb. Ill go around the block.She clear the car door. Thats okay, I can jump out here.No I dont mind, really. He didnt want her to go. Not yet. Bu t she was out of the car in an instant. She bent back in and offered her moot to shake.Thanks a lot. I work until four. Ill need a ride back to my car. See ya. And she was bypast, leaving Sam with his hand still extended and the image of her cleavage burned onto his retinas.He sat for a moment, trying to catch his breath, feeling disoriented, grateful, and a little relieved, as if he had looked up just in time to slam on the brakes and avoid a collision. He took his cigarettes from his jacket and shake one out of the pack, but when he r distributivelyed for the lighter he noticed the bundle of clothes still assembly on the seat. He grabbed the clothes, got out of the car, and headed down the street to the cafe. The doors to the cafe were the big, heavy, hand-carved, pseudo-Spanish iron- passeled variety common to almost all Santa Barbara restaurants, but once through them the decor was strictly Fifties Diner. Sam approached a gray-haired woman in a waitress uniform who was mannin g the cash register at the head of the long counter. He didnt see the girl. rationalise me, he said. The girl that just came in here the blonde she left these in my car.The woman looked him up and down and seemed surprised at his appearance. Calliope? she said, incredulously. Sam checked his tie for spots, his fly for altitude.I dont know her name. I just gave her a ride to work. She had a flat tire.Oh. The woman seemed relieved. You didnt look uniform her type. She went to the back to change. I guess she wont get far without these. The woman took the clothes from him. Did you want to speak to her? she asked.No, I guess not. I guess Ill let her get to work.Its no problem, that other guy is waiting for her too. The woman nodded down the counter. Sam followed her gaze to where the Indian was sitting, smoking a cigarette and blowing the smoke in four directions with each drag. He looked up at Sam and grinned. Sam backed away from the counter and through the doors, light(a) on t he step down to the sidewalk, almost falling, but catching himself on the wrought-iron plain.He leaned on the railing feeling as if he had just taken a hard shot to the jaw. He shook his head and tried to find some sort of order to what was happening. It could be some kind of frame-up the girl and the Indian in it together. But how could they know who he was? How did the Indian get to the cafe so fast? And if it was blackmail, if they knew about the killing, then why be so sneaky about it?As he climbed back into the Mercedes he tried to shake off the feeling of foreboding that was creeping over him like a night fog. Hed just met the most beautiful woman he had ever seen and shortly he would see her again. He had come to her rescue what better first impression? Even if he hadnt mean it. The Indian was a coincidence. Life was good, right?He started the car and put it into gear only to figure that he couldnt remember where he was going. There had been an appointment when he left the office. He drove some(prenominal) blocks trying to remember the appointment and who he was going to be when he got there. Finally he gave up and pressed the autodialer on his cellular phone. As the phone beeped through the numbers to his office it hit him the point of reference of his discomfort. The Indian had had golden eyes.In the time it took for his secretary to answer, twenty years of his life, of denial and deception, was pulled away in a stinging black undertow, leaving him feeling helpless and afraid.CHAPTER 2Montana Medicine inebriateCrow Country, MontanaBlack Cloud Follows thundered across the dawn silence of a frost-glazed teentsy cimarron basin, out of Crow Agency, under Highway 90, and into the gravel parking lot of Wileys solid food and Gas. A 77 ocher-colored Olds Cutlass rattletrap diesel, Black Cloud Follows stopped, coughed, belched, and engulfed itself in a greasy black cloud of exhaust. When the cloud move on, wafting like a portable eclipse through the go lden poplar and ash trees on the Little Bighorns banks, Adeline Eats stood by the Cutlass twisting the baling wire that held the drivers door shut.Adelines blue-black hair was layered hulking and lacquered into a flip. A hot-pink parka over her flannel shirt and overalls added a Michelin troops concentric-circle symmetry to her prolate shape. As the Cutlass chugged and bucked the thing that refused to die Adeline lit a Salem 100, took a deep drag, then delivered a vicious red Reebok kick to Black Cloud Followss fender. Stop it, she said.Obediently, the car fell smooth and Adeline gave the fender an affectionate pat. This old car had been indirectly responsible for getting her a husband, six children, and a job. She couldnt bring herself to be mean to it for long.Walking around to unlock the back door, she noticed something lying in a tuft of frost-covered buffalo grass something also frost covered, that looked very much like a body. If hes dead, she reasoned, he can wait u ntil Ive made some coffee tree. If he aint, hell probably want some.She let herself into the hold on and waddled around turning on lights and unlocking doors, then started the coffee and went out to unlock the laundromat, another of the cinder-block buildings in the Wileys Food and Gas complex, which also included an eight-room motel. Crunching back through the grass, she looked at the body again, which hadnt moved. But for the frost, Old Man Wiley would have been out at dawn setting gopher traps all over the grounds and would have taken care of the body problem. He would have also given Adeline no end of bring out about Black Cloud Follows, which he had been doing for fifteen years.It had been Wiley, a white man, who had named the car in the first place. It was not the Crow way to name cars or animals, but Wiley missed no chance to get in a dig at the people from whom he made his living. Maybe, Adeline thought, a morning of calm was worth dealing with a body.When the coffee was finished, she filled two large Styrofoam forms (one for her and one for the body) and poured a bountiful amount of sugar in each. The body had long braids, so she assumed he was Crow and would probably take sugar if he was alive. If he was dead Adeline would drink his, and she definitely wanted sugar.Back in the buffalo days, the Cheyenne prophet Sweet Medicine had seen a vision of men with hair on their faces who would come bringing a white smoothen that was poison to Indians. The prophecy had come true, the white sand was sugar, and Adeline blamed the white man for poisoning her right up to two hundred pounds.She took the coffee, butt-bumped through the back door, and crunched through the grass to where the body lay. He was facedown and his Levi jacket and jeans were crystalline blue with frost. Adeline nudged him in the ribs with her foot. You froze? she asked.Nope, the body said into the ground a little dust came up with the steam.You hurt?Nope. More dust.Drunk?Yep.You want coffee? Adeline sat one of the cups by his head. The body she was still thinking of him as the body rolled over and she recognized him as Pokey Medicine Wing, the liar.Creaking, Pokey sat up and tried to pick up the coffee, but couldnt seem to get his frozen hand to work. Adeline picked up the cup and handed it to him.I thought you was dead, Pokey.I might have been. Just had me a medicine dream. As he raised the cup to his lips the shakes set in and he had to bite the edge of the cup to steady it. I died twice before, you know.Adeline ignored the lie and pointed to one of his braids, which had fallen into his coffee cup.Pokey pulled the braid out and wiped the beaded band around it on his jacket. Good coffee, he said.Adeline shook a Salem out of her pack and offered it to him.Thanks, he said. You gotta offer a prayer after a medicine dream.Adeline lit his cigarette with a Bic lighter. Im a Christian now, she said. She really hoped he wouldnt use the cigarette to carry a prayer . Shed only been a Christian for a few weeks and the old ways made her a little uncomfortable. Besides, Pokey was probably lying through his tooth he had only one about the medicine dream.Pokey squinted up at her and grinned, but did not pray. I saw my brother Franks boy, the one with the yellow eyes who threw that cop off the dam. You remember?Adeline nodded. She really didnt want to hear this. Maybe you should tell a medicine man.I am a medicine man, Pokey said. Just no one believes me. I dont need no one else to tell me about my visions. I saw that boy with Old Man Coyote, and there was a shade with em that looked like Death.I got to go to work now, Adeline said.I need to find that boy and warn him, Pokey said.That boys been gone for twenty years. Hes probably dead. You was just dreaming. Pokey was a liar and Adeline knew that there was no reason that she should let his ravings bother her, but they did. If youre okay, I got to go to work.You dont believe in medicine, then?M r. Wiley will be approach shot in soon. I got to open the store, Adeline said. She turned and started back toward the store.Is that a grouse owl? Pokey yelled after her.Adeline dropped her coffee, fell into a crouch, and scanned the sky in a panic. In the old tradition the screech owl was the worst of omens vengeful ghosts lived in screech owls seeing or hearing one was like hearing the sound of your own death. Adeline was terrified.Pokey grinned at her. I guess not. It must just be a hawk.Adeline recovered and stomped into the store, praying to rescuer to forgive Pokey for his sins, but adding to her prayer a request for Jesus to beat the shit out of Pokey if He had the time.

Mobile Intelligent Tutoring Systems Education Essay

Mobile ingenious tutoring systems have the doable to present low-priced, matched aid to scholars unwrapside of the traditional civiliseroom and computing work lab scenes. The focal point of this typography is to sketch the recitation of Mobile sizeable Tutoring musical arrangements in back uping the Mathematics humans learns in unoriginal schools and the function that fluid widgets foot play in circulating and back uping the lore gained by brainy coachs. The paper reviews backdrop Intelligent Tutoring Systems and how the same butt joint be used in wandering(a) devices. The last portion of the paper examines the challenges faced in the development of Mobile Intelligent Tutoring Systems.The general public showing in math among secondary school schoolchilds in Kenya has non been impressive for galore(postnominal) old ages ( KNEC, 2000 ) . Much has been through and said with purposes of break awaying public presentation with small success including debut of St rengthening of Mathematics and Science in Secondary Education ( SMASSE ) Undertaking , launched in Kenya in 1998 and funded by Japan authorities. It is aimed at the betterment of math and scientific discipline didactics through In-service Training ( INSET ) for instructors ( Nancy, Alice, 2007 ) . Poor public presentation is attributed to several(prenominal) factors among them attitude of pupils and instructors, deficiency of take oning installations such as books and unequal remedial or follow-up tutoring in most schools. Whereas thither is demand to tending scholars develop a deeper conceptual apprehension through such techniques as tutoring when they atomic number 18 larning a new sphere ( Lane, 2006 ) , that is desiring.Mathematicss is a hard up to(p) both to learn and larn. Mathematicss is anyhow a topic, which requires difficult work, and batch of sort the paramount facets for larning math. Learning mathematics comprises foremost having facts, rules, and so larnin g how to use them ( Garry, 1996 ) . Teachers whitethorn desire to pass more clip with pupils but human resource is ordinarily the chief restraint due to high student-to-teacher ratio witnessed in schools.The broad customs duty of carrel visits in society has led research workers to look into methods to use roving devices in instruction ( Castells, 1999 ) . Presently, there atomic number 18 around 16 million cell phone remnantorsers in Kenya with the figure projected to travel up following licensing of 4th Mobile operator YU ( Communication Commission of Kenya ) .Harmonizing to Brown ( 2003 ) and Kam etal ( 2009 ) , the planetary device has been argued to be an appropriate tool for educational bringing in the development states. The statement behind this is that nomadic device is low-power device that can be used in topographic points without electricity. Although nomadic device such as cell phone is mostly purchased for voice communications which exploiters rely on for th eir societal and economic demands it is alike able to run educational package that support visuals and voiceovers ( as cited in Kumar, 2009 ) . Most of all, the cell phone is the fastest turning engineering platform in the development states. thither are 2.2 billion nomadic phones in developing parts like Africa and India, as compared to merely 11 million desktops ( CNN, 2009 ) .Teaching pupils on a one-to-one footing significantly influences the grade of noesis and accomplishment retained by the pupil. extremum ( 1984 ) suggests that one-to-one tutoring is the most in force(p) scheme known, by and large giving two standard divergences better public presentation than traditional direction.For the intent of this paper, the term nomadic device comprise of criterion cell phones, smart phones ( those using an operating system supplying voice services every bit obedient as extra informations processing applications ) , and personal digital helpers ( PDAs ) supplying information s treating without voice capablenesss. Whereas laptop computing apparatuss are portable, users interact with them in ways that are more similar to desktop computing railway cars than they do with littler devices e.g. usage of keyboard. Therefore, it does non fall under mobile device class.Table 1.1 Comparisons of Desktop and Mobile Tutoring SystemsDescriptionDesktopMobile DeviceInterfaceFull size keyboardMulti-window creationSmall KeyboardSingle-window designDisplay14+ inch show2-5 inch showConnectivityEthernet, Wi-FiWi-Fi, Cellular voice communicationStandaloneClient merelyUseClassrooms and computing mold labsAnywhere and anytime2. Intelligent Tutoring SystemHafner ( 2000 ) delimitate Intelligent Tutoring System ( ITS ) as educational package incorporating an unreal intelligence division. The package tracks pupil s work, orienting feedback and intimations on the manner. By roll uping information on a peculiar pupil s public presentation, the package can do illations nea r(predicate) strengths and failings, and can propose extra work. ITSs have been used to help pupils with prep, test pickings, and appraisal ( ISTE, 2007 ) .An ITS can be used to enable the pupils work indep terminationently, to better their apprehension of constructs indoors bear on sphere, and to take advancement of commercial enterprise work outing ability for each of them ( Martin, 2001 ) . On the separate manus, an ITS can be able to help non merely the pupils but besides the instructors in developing and managing classs ( Shin, Norris and Soloway, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Korhan ( 2006 ) , Intelligence involves noetic capablenesss such as the logical thinking ability, planning, work outing jobs, believing abstractly, groking thoughts, and larning . Furthermore, it is related to creativeness and reputation of the individual harmonizing to psychological science. Conversely, mathematics is as a incubus for many pupils. This whitethorn take to pupils disbelieving their c reativeness, endowment, and motive when analyzing mathematics. In this sense, the tutoring systems must hold the capableness of existent instructors, and it must move like human coach in a category. Information technologies can raise up the effectivity of study mathematics in a category ( Kinshuk, 2002 ) and hence regarded as one of the topics in Artificial Intelligence ( AI )3. Background of ITSComputers have been used in instruction since 1960s ( Martin, 2001 ) . Intelligent Tutoring Systems are computing machine systems designed for support and betterment of encyclopaedism and learning procedure in the sphere learning.Even though Intelligent Tutoring Systems began with Computer-Aided Instruction ( CAI ) , they differ from them in some ways. First, the interfaces, in CAIs, are of all time quiet for each pupil and the information presented to each pupil is precisely the same for all the clip ( as cited in Mitrovic et al. , 2007 )Harmonizing to Koedinger et Al. ( 1995 ) , ITSs u se the cognition for pedagogic procedure so that the system tries to bump what the pupil knows or does non cognize. Contrary to ITSs, CAIs have premises closely what the pupil knows. Therefore, the same course of study is presented to pupils in CAIs, steady though the predating cognition is necessity for a pupil.The other difference between them, harmonizing to Koedinger et Al. ( 1995 ) , is with the feedback system. Some CAIs have the capableness of inquiring inquiries to pupils. However the feedback system of them is limited to indicant of whether the pupil reply was right or incorrect, merely. ITSs, on the other manus, attempt to find the pupils failings on a subject utilizing the sphere and pupil divinatory scotch as shall be depicted in subdivision 4 below.Most Computer-Based Instructional ( CBI ) applications and systems, including ITS, still tail chiefly on the desktop. Harmonizing to Eamon ( 2004 ) , ITS have been shown to be extremely successful in bettering pupil a cquisition in the schoolroom. When ITS is integrated into school course of study, pupils use the coachs during school hours in computing machine labs and schoolrooms.The enlargement of the desktop ITS to the nomadic learning universe of Mobile will, doubtless, supply great benefit for pupils and instructors likewise. A nomadic adroit coach has the possible to present the Copernican advantages of intelligent tutoring systems to a broad audience of scholars and spread out coach usage to exterior of computing machine labs and schoolrooms therefore supplying robust and flexible acquisition chances to pupils anyplace and anytime ( Farooq etal, 2002 ) . It will besides be of aid for pupils on the move such as nomads who whitethorn non acquire adequate human tutoring in category besides heightening student-centred acquisition.4. How Intelligent Tutoring Systems WorkITS for mathematical jobs was intend and designed to sleep pupils in acquisition and name on pupil s mistakes and effi caciously give in calculates for those mistakes ( Burns, Capps, 1988 ) and offer a pupil monitoring system that includes learning advancement and relevant statistical informations.The end of ITS is to supply the benefits of one-on one direction automatically and be efficaciously.Like any other preparation simulations, ITS enables participants to pattern their accomplishments by jinxing out undertakings within extremely synergistic acquisition environments.However, ITS goes beyond developing simulations by replying user inquiries and supplying individualised aid. Unlike other computer-establish preparation engineerings, ITS systems gauge each scholar s actions within these synergistic environments and develop a notional account of their cognition, accomplishments, and expertness. Based on the scholar theoretical account, ITSs throw away out instructional schemes, in footings of both the content and manner, and supply accounts, intimations, illustrations, presentations, and patt ern jobs as needed ( James and Sowmya, 2007 )Intelligent Tutoring SystemStudent ModelExpert ModelEnvironmentInterfaceDirection ModelFigure 4.1 Intelligent Tutoring System ModelIntelligent tutoring systems have their showation in the unreal intelligence, more particularizedally adept systems, and computing machine assisted direction subjects. Burns et Al. ( 1988 ) depict the intelligence of this package as the aggregation of the five subsystems shown in Figure 4.1 above.The first is an adept theoretical account stand foring the sphere cognition or capable affair expertness. This cognition comprises the apprehension of the capable affair that an expert has in the tutored country i.e. adept theoretical account merely represents the expert cognition and the ability to work out jobs within a sphere.The second theoretical account is the pupil s. This theoretical account represents the cognition, accomplishments, behavior and other properties of a pupil larning the sphere. This theoret ical account let the ITS know who it s learning ( James et al. , 2007 ) and tries to find pupil s mental provinces. This faculty generates the pupil theoretical account with all information about the single scholar. It provides the information such that what the pupil knows or does non cognize, any misconceptions, grade of forgetfulness, concluding accomplishments etc. ( Korhan, 2006 )The 3rd is the direction theoretical account, which is accountable for acknowledging pupil input and reacting to student actions i.e. enables the ITS to cognize how to learn, by encoding instructional schemes used by the tutoring system. The teacher theoretical account selects the most appropriate instructional intercession establish on the cognition of a pupil s accomplishments, strengths and failings, participant expertness degrees, and pupil acquisition manners. Additionally, the teacher theoretical account may besides take subjects, simulations, and examples that address the pupil s competency sp reads. It is besides known as pedagogical or coach faculty ( Martin, 2001 )The 4th is the instructional environment or sphere that provides support to the scholar. It consists of the drill and tools, and to some longn the state of affairs, provided by the system to ease acquisition.The last constituent is the interface, an indispensable constituent that provides the agencies by which the user can pass on with the system. It is the integrating of the theoretical accounts that separate ITS engineering from other signifiers of computer-aided direction ( Heffernan, Koedinger and Aleven, 2003 ) .Harmonizing to Trojahn et Al. ( 2002 ) , ITS have the informative attack in which direction is understood to be the transmittal of cognition necessitating the teacher/instructor to supervise the pupil invariably, particularly in the job work outing procedures. It takes into register the capacity for acquisition and the cognition of the pupil in that topic.ITS s are adapted to each pupil by age ncies of their diagnostic accomplishments which examine the pupil s cognition and the structuring and presentation of cognition. They besides make usage of a assortment of techniques to keep the user s attending ( equated to human coach motive ) and ease the transmittal of the coveted cognition. Intelligent developing systems besides portion this attack, although in these instances the procedures are aimed more towards specific job resolution activities. The coach guides the direction procedure harmonizing to traditional patterns ( UPGRADE, 2002 ) .Knowledge is a cardinal to intelligent behaviour and, hence, ITSs are said to be knowledge-based because they have ( I ) sphere cognition, ( two ) cognition about learning rules and about methods for using those rules, and ( three ) cognition about methods and techniques for pupil mold ( S. Stankov et al. , 2007 )It is of import to hear that ITS is an interdisciplinary field that investigates how to invent educational systems that provid e direction tailored to the demands of single scholars, as many good instructors do ( Conati et al. , 2002 )There are three types of cognition that an intelligent coach ( human or unreal ) needs to hold to be able to help pupil acquisition ( I ) cognition about the mark instructional sphere, ( two ) cognition about the pupil, and ( three ) cognition about the relevant pedagogical/instructional schemes.5. Mobile Intelligent Tutoring SystemHarmonizing to Brown ( 2009 ) , Mobile ITSs have non received extended research. There has been small research aimed at placing how to accommodate the desktop coachs and which facets of the coach to alter, as facets of desktop coachs require rescript for nomadic device content bringing.The bringing of ITSs on nomadic devices in Kenya has the possible to supply the important advantages of intelligent tutoring systems to a wider audience of scholars therefore assisting in bridging the digital divide.Some secondary schools provide mesh and computing machine entree to pupils but a deeper appraisal reveals that the presence of engineering does non compare to effectual usage of the engineering ( Yong et al, 2006 ) . Among the several factors impeding usage is the student-to-computer ratio in schools. For those schools with computing machines, it is reported that no school has one computing machine for each pupil with the lowest computer-to-student ratio being about 3-to-1 ( Christopher et al, 2007 ) . On the other manus, about all pupils can entree the nomadic phones doing it possible for schools to do usage of handheld calculating to organize engineering usage between place and school for the pupils. This tendency is besides nailing of the possible that nomadic and hand-held devices have to present a one-to-one calculating solution to the instruction community ( Quinn, 2000 ) .By utilizing nomadic devices, schools without the fiscal resources to put in and keep big computing machine labs can hold the ability to supply scholars wi th ITS engineering. One singular virtue is that pupils can easy transport the coachs between place and school besides sharing the nomadic ITSs between pupils in the same school therefore enabling everywhere and anytime acquisition ( Facer, Faux, McFarlane, 2005 ) . The portability of nomadic ITSs extends coach usage to exterior of computing machine labs and traditional schoolrooms, thereby supplying flexible larning chances to pupils at place, after school, and in other locations ( Vahey et Al, 2004 ) . With the promotion of nomadic device engineering, there is besides the possibility for nomadic ITSs to put to death as standalone applications, as contradictory to client-server tissue based, thereby extinguishing the demand for an Internet connexion, either wired or radio.Harmonizing to the research conducted by Brown ( 2009 ) to find whether nomadic intelligent tutoring system provide larning additions greater than standard instructional activities, it was found out that pupils utilizing the tutoring status did analyse an addition in post-test public presentation greater than pupils that did non utilize the coach ( utilizing paper and pencil ) . As a consequence, it can be concluded that a nomadic ITS can supply larning additions greater than standard direction.6. Related WorkIn the early 1970s a few research workers defined a new end for computer-based direction. They adopted the human coach as their educational theoretical account and sought to use unreal intelligence techniques to recognize this theoretical account in intelligent computer- based direction.Personal human coachs provide a extremely efficient larning environment ( Cohen and Kulik, 1982 ) and have been estimated to increase amount achievement results by every bit much as two Intelligent Tutoring Systems standard divergences ( Bloom, 1984 ) . The end of ITSs would be to prosecute the pupils in sustained logical thinking activity and to interact with the pupil based on a deep apprehensio n of the pupils behaviour.From 1990s, research on teaching method in the mathematics recognized that pupils learn mathematics more efficaciously, if the traditional acquisition of expressions and processs is supplemented with the possibility to research a wide scope of jobs and job state of affairss through ITS ( Schoenfeld, 1990 ) . In peculiar, the international comparative survey of mathematics learning ( Baumert et al. , 1997 ) , has shown that learning with an orientation towards active job work outing outputs better larning consequences in the sense that the acquired cognition is more readily available and applicable particularly in new contexts and that a contemplation about the job work outing activities and methods outputs a deeper apprehension and better public presentation.Harmonizing to James and Sowmya ( 2006 ) , Carnegie Learning veritable a suite of ITSbased cognitive coachs in secondary-level mathematics. The systems, based on earlier research carried out by John Anderson and Ken Koedinger at Carnegie Mellon University, were tested in selected secondary school and pupils showed 50- to 100-percent betterment in job resolution and usage of equations, tabular arraies, and graphs.Eric and Jorg ( 2003 ) developed ActiveMath ITS used in job resolution, rule-based systems, cognition representation, user mold, reconciling systems and adaptative hyper-media, and diagnosing.ALEKS ( Assessment and Learning in Knowledge Spaces ) is an on-line ITS aimed at tutoring Geometry and Business Mathematics classs ( Anderson, Reder, Simon, 1996 ) . It is clear based and therefore requires Internet connexion for it to be accessed.MathITS ( Korhan, 2006 ) is an Intelligent Tutoring System for mathematics instruction at undergraduate and graduate degree and employs the conceptual map mold technique ( Hwang, 2003 ) . It is a student-centred system, which supports synergistic acquisition.7. Challenges set about in Developing Mobile ITS Applications for Mathematics TutoringIt is easier said than done for teachers, school decision makers, and even parents to see nomadic devices as being utile for educational intents because they have been predominately used for societal intents including phone communicating and text messaging. The current educational system produces lesson programs, larning activities, and appraisals based upon traditional educational theoretical accounts. However, the debut of nomadic devices enables pupils to interact and join forces with one another in ways non antecedently realized. Therefore, teachers must now find how to plan lessons and activities structured around this mobility and accurately quantify the consequences of the usage of the engineering.The usage of nomadic devices besides raises inquiries that relate to the execution of the engineering, viz. the hardware and package. Previous tests of nomadic larning applications reveal that concerns sing device ownership, battery life, and web connectivity can greatly im pact the acquisition results of pupils ( Facer, Faux, and McFarlane, 2005 ) . While these issues may be viewed by some as policy instead than research, it can be argued that an apprehension of these issues could supply information to inform the design of the applications themselves. For illustration, cognizing that pupils may non hold dependable Internet connexions may do a interior decorator to make a standalone application or one that requires periodic synchronism for it to work decently.Interestingly, research workers implementing and proving nomadic larning applications have remark that there is possible for nomadic larning applications to be alongside traditional instructional tools ( Vahey et al. , 2004 ) . While the usage of nomadic larning applications can be transformative, it is necessary to understand and see the bing acquisition environment in which it is intended. While there are surely cases in which a Mobile larning application can supply an experience non possible w ithout the engineering ( Chen, Kao and Sheu, 2003 ) , it seems sensible, and even likely, that this engineering can co-exist and back up traditional paper-based methods.Representation of diagrams and limited correspond of text poses a challenge. As a consequence, the teachers should make up ones mind on which content could surmount be presented in nomadic device. The diagrams representation is limited by screen size.8. DecisionMobile ITS execution will assist to better mathematics public presentation in Kenya Secondary schools. However, certain research countries such as its development, statute law issues, interface, instruction and acquisition schemes and architecture ( hardware and package ) should be addressed in order to recognize the benefits of Mobile ITS. By so making, Kenya will tout of m-Learning and therefore will make more pupils assisting to bridge the digital divide spread.